مشاهدة بالغديو فيلم صرخة نملة dvd اون لاين
See also R&D section below.
ANDRA reported to government so that parliament could decide on the precise course of action. After strong support in the National Assembly and Senate the Nuclear Materials and Waste Management Program Act was passed in June 2006 to apply for 15 years. This formally declares deep geological disposal as the reference solution for high-level and long-lived radioactive wastes, and sets 2015 as the target date for licensing a repository and 2025 for opening it. It also affirms the principle of reprocessing used fuel and using recycled plutonium and uranium "in order to reduce the quantity and toxicity" of final wastes, and calls for construction of a prototype fourth-generation reactor by 2020 to test transmutation of long-lived actinides. The cost of the repository (in 2002 EUR) is expected to be around EUR 15 billion: 40% construction, 40% operation for 100 years, and 20% ancillary (taxes and insurance). However, with design changes and cost escalation, this is reported to have doubled. Funds for waste management and decommissioning remain segregated but with the producers rather than in an external fund.
The Act defines three main principles concern
- Group extraction of actinides (GANEX process) as a long term R&D goal for a homogeneous recycling of actinides (ie U-Pu plus minor actinides together) in Generation IV fast neutron reactors as driver fuel.
See also R&D section below.
Wastes
Waste disposal is being pursued under France's 1991 Waste Management Act (updated 2006) which established ANDRA as the national radioactive waste management agency and which set the direction of research - mainly undertaken at the Bure underground rock laboratory in eastern France, situated in clays. Another laboratory is researching granites. Research is also being undertaken on partitioning and transmutation, and long-term surface storage of wastes following conditioning. Wastes disposed of are to be retrievable.ANDRA reported to government so that parliament could decide on the precise course of action. After strong support in the National Assembly and Senate the Nuclear Materials and Waste Management Program Act was passed in June 2006 to apply for 15 years. This formally declares deep geological disposal as the reference solution for high-level and long-lived radioactive wastes, and sets 2015 as the target date for licensing a repository and 2025 for opening it. It also affirms the principle of reprocessing used fuel and using recycled plutonium and uranium "in order to reduce the quantity and toxicity" of final wastes, and calls for construction of a prototype fourth-generation reactor by 2020 to test transmutation of long-lived actinides. The cost of the repository (in 2002 EUR) is expected to be around EUR 15 billion: 40% construction, 40% operation for 100 years, and 20% ancillary (taxes and insurance). However, with design changes and cost escalation, this is reported to have doubled. Funds for waste management and decommissioning remain segregated but with the producers rather than in an external fund.
The Act defines three main principles concern
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